نشریه نامه انجمن جمعیت شناسی ایران
پیاپی 15 (بهار و تابستان 1392)

Marriage is the foundation of family formation which is the first and most important social unit. Age at marriage for women and men has increased remarkably in Kermanshah province and it is higher than the national average. Accordingly, this study seeks to examine the determinants of age at marriage by sex in Kermanshah city. The data used in this study is the result of a survey conducted in April 2013. Statistical population consists of individuals on the verge of marriage who attended in selected health centers. The statistical sample includes 400 individuals. The results of multivariate relationship showed that place of residence has not a significant effect on the marriage age of women. The relationship between family socioeconomic status and marriage age in women became significant. Findings also indicated that level of education, family socioeconomic status and employment status have a significant effect on marriage age in men. The result of this study indicates that the variables of family socioeconomic status and employment status have the most influence on the age of marriage in men and women respectively.

This research has analyzed the value of children and fertility. Data were gathered by survey method, the sample consists of 406 women 15-49 years old married women in the city of Shiraz. The findings show that factors such as age at marriage, womens, and their husband's education have reverse relation with the value of children and, also, with the actual and ideal fertility. Increasing in women's age, length of marriage, and avoiding of single child have increased the numbers of children ever born, the ideal numbers of children, and the value of children. Findings have shown that there is significant correlation between economic, social, and religious dimensions of the value of children with actual fertility and, also, between economic, and religious dimensions of the value of children with ideal fertility. Results of multiple regression analysis showed that length of marriage, birth place, age at marriage, women's education, sex preferences, social and economic benefits, and social costs of children are able to explain variances of the actual fertility. Length of marriage, avoiding of single child, sex preferences, and economic benefits of children have explained the variances of ideal fertility.

Demographic transition has led to the growth of population and urbanization in Iran. As in many other parts of the world, urbanization is now the dominant mode of residence in Iran. The aim of this paper is to answer the following two questions: (1) do we need a population policy for Iran's cities?, and (2) what should be the characteristics of a population policy for Iran's cities and what issues should be considered in designing such a policy? After a review of the causes and consequences of urbanization, urbanization policies, and urbanization data in Iran and the world, the paper concludes that it is better to have a population policy for Iran's cities. The recommended policy in this paper is the selection of some medium sized cities for population growth and discouragement of the growth of some other selected cities. The paper discusses the characteristics of such a population policy.

Housing is one of the basic needs for every household and the formation of new households means more demand for new residential units. When the nuclear family with an independent and neolocal residence pattern becomes prevalence, possessing a private housing is amongst the important priorities that families tend to have during their life cycle. This paper examines how the characteristics of the head of households are related to the probability of dwelling tenure in Iran. Using individual-level data from 2011 national census, the paper estimate bivariate and multivariate models to assess how the probability of dwelling stock according to tenure is related to differences in the economic, social and demographic characteristics of the heads of households. to the characteristics of the heads of households in terms of his/her gender, place of residence, rual-urban origin, marital status, employment status, educational attainment, age and the household size. Around 29% of the variance in housing ownership possibilities can be explained using these variables. More researches is needed to examine the role of housing in the basket of household spending priorities, pressures of housing costs on family economy, and even the relation of housing ownership status to such demographic decisions of couples and families as marriage and family formation of youth, having or not having children, the number and timing of children and so on.

The intensity of emigration from East-Azerbaijan province to Tehran Province and immigrant's cluster staying has caused this article to focus on this migratory flow with network approach. By using the survey and focus groups methods, as well as the conceptual framework of migrant social networks, three migratory flows, that is, networks, herd and pushing are separated from each other that around three-quarters of it is formed of a network flow. The maximum cluster movement of the population of East- Azerbaijan Province to Tehran Province occurred in 1980's and 1990's, of whic network emigration from Sarab, Miyaneh and Hashtrood to Robat-Karim, Shahriyar and Islamshahr has been the most important inter-township migration flows. Besides origin township and its level of development, variables such as migration period, marital status, level of education, employment and financial situation of immigrant at the time of migration, are effective in distinguishing different types of migrations. In conclusion, the weaker the migrants in the social and economic characteristics are from their counterparts, the more they resorts to network migration; and this shows the importance of immigrant's lack of funding and lack of information on directing them towards network migration very well.

Today, aging is a global phenomenon and along with other cultural changes and economic patterns, it has become a thinkable issue. Certainly, every culture has its own assumptions and expectations about aging. For some of the people, aging can be a source of pride and wisdom but for some others aging can be seen as a reason for embarrassment and shame. So, the aging process is less understood, except for those who reach that age. On the other hand, the aging process can be interpreted differently by men and women. By applying Inductive research approach and concentrating on data which is collected by a semi deep structured interview from 18 women aged 60 to 80, the present research tries to explore the social dimensions of elderly women’s life and their perception toward urban and relatively modern society. However, the results of this study are largely exploratory and do not generalize in any way because of the small sample size. According to the study, elderly women believe that social changes have fragmented their relationships in family and make them socially excluded. The complexity of urban life has caused many old women see the process of integration to social spaces difficult or even impossible, so they more confine themselves to the domestic sphere. In women’s view, the word of aging is associated with issues ranging from the loss of physical strength, changes in family roles, and changes in work roles, isolation, and loss of social status or even amnesia. While some of these problems are associated with aging, but naming all as a consequence of aging is wrong, because aging for all individuals is not associated with physical or emotional vulnerability. A pathological aging experienced by those old women who have to be dependent on their children to survive, so they expressed about aging in terms of concepts such as humiliation, loss of dignity, overload and exhaustion. But for those who have access to more economic resources, aging is seen as a natural phenomena, so they try to challenge the stereotypical ideas about aging and deal with it as a natural and dynamic process.

Due to the problems the elderly involved in, this study seeks to deal with the elderly’s quality of life and factors related with it. Survey method has been used and the required information have been collected through total number and questionnaires distributed among 206 aged persons of suburban areas in Ilam. Results indicate that respondents have relatively high quality of life; there is direct and significant correlation between the independent variables of religious attitudes, compatibility and social support with the dependent variable and significant but inverse relation between variables of aggression and sense of alienation with quality of life. Moreover, significant relation between variables of age, marital status, educational status, income, leisure, and the sense of relative deprivation with the dependent variable is not observed. The analysis of the regression results shows that the sense of alienation and religious attitudes have been entered to the equation during two stages and, eventually, they have explained 55 percent of the variations of the dependent variable, i.e. quality of life. Finally, some suggestions have been presented to improve and promote the quality of life of the elderly living in the suburban areas in Ilam.